Change viewing parameters
Switch to Russian version
Select another database

Turkic etymology :

Search within this database
Total of 2017 records 101 page

Pages: 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
Back: 1 20 50
Forward: 1
\data\alt\turcet
 Proto-Turkic Altaic etymology Meaning Russian meaning Old Turkic Karakhanid Turkish Tatar Middle Turkic Uzbek Uighur Sary-Yughur Azerbaidzhan Turkmen Khakassian Shor Oyrat Halaj Chuvash Yakut Dolgan Tuva Tofalar Kirghiz Kazakh Noghai Bashkir Balkar Gagauz Karaim Karakalpak Salar Kumyk Comments
face="Times New Roman Star"*urag-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"femaleface="Times New Roman Star"ñàìêà
face="Times New Roman Star"urag|ut 'woman' (MK)
face="Times New Roman Star"u>rg|ac?y (dial.)face="Times New Roman Star"urg|ac?y (Pav. C.)face="Times New Roman Star"urg|o|c?i


face="Times New Roman Star"urqac?y






face="Times New Roman Star"urug 'daughter'
face="Times New Roman Star"urg|a:c?yface="Times New Roman Star"u>rg|as?yface="Times New Roman Star"urg|as?yface="Times New Roman Star"u>rg|asy

face="Times New Roman Star"yrg|ac?yface="Times New Roman Star"urg|as?y

face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 218, VEWT 515, ÝÑÒß 1, 603, Ëåêñèêà 315.
face="Times New Roman Star"*bAn/y-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"to fade away, disappear, weakenface="Times New Roman Star"èñ÷åçàòü, ñëàáåòü
face="Times New Roman Star"majys?- (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"bajy-l-




face="Times New Roman Star"bajyl-
face="Times New Roman Star"majyl-





face="Times New Roman Star"bajla-
face="Times New Roman Star"bajy-



face="Times New Roman Star"bajyl-face="Times New Roman Star"bajyl-


face="Times New Roman Star"ÎÑÍß 2, 50, EDT 773, ÝÑÒß 7.
face="Times New Roman Star"*topface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"round thingface="Times New Roman Star"øàð, ìÿ÷
face="Times New Roman Star"top (MK, IM), topyq (MK, KB)face="Times New Roman Star"topface="Times New Roman Star"tupface="Times New Roman Star"top, tofuq (Sangl.); (MKypch.) topurc?aq 'round' (CCum.)face="Times New Roman Star"to.pface="Times New Roman Star"top, dop
face="Times New Roman Star"topface="Times New Roman Star"top


face="Times New Roman Star"tuopface="Times New Roman Star"tubú



face="Times New Roman Star"topface="Times New Roman Star"top, dopface="Times New Roman Star"topface="Times New Roman Star"tupface="Times New Roman Star"topface="Times New Roman Star"topface="Times New Roman Star"topface="Times New Roman Star"top
face="Times New Roman Star"topface="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 489, EDT 434, 437, TMN 2, 596-597, Åãîðîâ 258, Àøì. XIV, 143-144, Ôåäîòîâ 2, 249. One should also note OT tevir- 'to twist, turn' - probably a contamination of *top and *ebu"r- (OT evir-) id. (see EDT 443). Words meaning 'cone' reflect a partial contamination with PT *Tobur- 'cone' (v. sub *t`obu/).
face="Times New Roman Star"*sibu"tface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"dill, corianderface="Times New Roman Star"óêðîï, êîðèàíäð
face="Times New Roman Star"sibu"t (MK)


























face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 785. (If not < Pers.)
face="Times New Roman Star"*si:pekface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 infant's urinal in a cradle 2 pivot (of a hand-mill etc.) 3 corn-cobface="Times New Roman Star"1 ìî÷åîòâîäíàÿ òðóáî÷êà â ëþëüêå 2 ñòåðæåíü, øêâîðåíü (ðó÷íîé ìåëüíèöû è ò.ï.) 3 ïî÷àòîê êóêóðóçû
face="Times New Roman Star"sibek 1, 2 (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"su"bek 1, 2, 3

face="Times New Roman Star"su"ba"k 3 (dial.)






















face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 788, ÝÑÒß 7. Modern languages reveal some very irregular reflexes like Kaz., KKalp. sobyq 3, Tur. su"mek, so"mek 1, 2, 3 (with -m- also in Kum. su"mek, Nogh. simek, Uzb. sumak 1, 2 etc.; some languages have variants with c?- or s?- like Kirgh. c?o"mo"k 3, s?imek 1, 2). These all can be either irregular expressive variants with secondary diffusion or reflect contaminations with some other (not quite clear) roots.
face="Times New Roman Star"*ebrenface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"snakeface="Times New Roman Star"çìåÿ

face="Times New Roman Star"(Osm.) evren 'dragon', cf. mod. 'heaven vault' ( < `snake-rainbow' ?)
face="Times New Roman Star"MKypch. ewren 'adder' (Houts.)








face="Times New Roman Star"v@w|re s/@len 'dragon' (lit. 'hot snake'), vereni (Bulg.)








face="Times New Roman Star"ievrem 'fiery snake'



face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 14.
face="Times New Roman Star"*o(by)l-durukface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"milt, roeface="Times New Roman Star"ìîëîêè, èêðà

face="Times New Roman Star"og|ulduruk 'womb, ovary'face="Times New Roman Star"uwuldyqface="Times New Roman Star"og|ulduruq (R - ShS)face="Times New Roman Star"o|vuldyryq (dial.)


face="Times New Roman Star"ovulduruq



face="Times New Roman Star"v@w|lz?|@w|



face="Times New Roman Star"ulduruqface="Times New Roman Star"ulduruq, u"ldu"ru"k
face="Times New Roman Star"ywyldyryq (dial.)





face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 358. Usually derived from *ogul 'son', which is rather dubious for external reasons. See Ìóäðàê Äèññ. 146. Äûáî 156.
face="Times New Roman Star"*TAlk-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"tension of cordsface="Times New Roman Star"íàòÿæåíèå âåðåâîê
face="Times New Roman Star"talqyg|; talg|uc? 'poles for fastening burden on animal's back', talg|uq 'wedge for fastening the axe blade' (MK)


























face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 496.
face="Times New Roman Star"*sEb-re-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"to diminishface="Times New Roman Star"óìåíüøàòüñÿ, óáûâàòü
face="Times New Roman Star"sevre- (MK)


























face="Times New Roman Star"ÄÒÑ 498.
face="Times New Roman Star"*una-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"to agree, be satisfiedface="Times New Roman Star"ñîãëàøàòüñÿ, áûòü óäîâëåòâîðåííûìface="Times New Roman Star"una- (Orkh., OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"una- (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"una- (dial.)
face="Times New Roman Star"una- (Áîð. Áàä., Abush., Pav. C.)face="Times New Roman Star"una-face="Times New Roman Star"una-
face="Times New Roman Star"una- (dial.)face="Times New Roman Star"una-face="Times New Roman Star"una-







face="Times New Roman Star"una-face="Times New Roman Star"una-face="Times New Roman Star"una-
face="Times New Roman Star"una-

face="Times New Roman Star"una-

face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 171, VEWT 514, ÝÑÒß 1, 596-597.
face="Times New Roman Star"*duj-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"to perceive (by ears or nose), noticeface="Times New Roman Star"ñëûøàòü, ÷óÿòü, çàìå÷àòüface="Times New Roman Star"tuj- (Orkh., OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"tuj- (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"duj-face="Times New Roman Star"toj-face="Times New Roman Star"tuj- (Sangl.)face="Times New Roman Star"tuj-face="Times New Roman Star"tuj-face="Times New Roman Star"tuj-face="Times New Roman Star"duj-face="Times New Roman Star"duj-



face="Times New Roman Star"tuj-, refl. tojún-



face="Times New Roman Star"tuj-
face="Times New Roman Star"tuj-face="Times New Roman Star"toj-
face="Times New Roman Star"duj-face="Times New Roman Star"duj-, tuj-face="Times New Roman Star"tuj-

face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 497, EDT 567, ÝÑÒß 3, 290-291, Àøì. XIV, 92-94, Ôåäîòîâ 2, 241. Chuv. may be < Tatar.
face="Times New Roman Star"*go"jkeface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"kestrel, windhover, hawkface="Times New Roman Star"ïóñòåëüãà, ÿñòðåáface="Times New Roman Star"keku"k 'a bird of prey' (OUygh. - Irq Bitig)face="Times New Roman Star"keku"k 'al-zummac, a bird the bones of which are used in conjurations and sorcery' (MK)

face="Times New Roman Star"ko"jkenek (Pav. C., Abushk.)



face="Times New Roman Star"go"venekface="Times New Roman Star"ko"jkenek







face="Times New Roman Star"ku"jko"








face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 288, EDT 710, ÝÑÒß 5, 133-134, Ëåêñèêà 170. Turk. > Mong. ku"jku"nek.
face="Times New Roman Star"*gEru"face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"backface="Times New Roman Star"íàçàä, ñçàäèface="Times New Roman Star"keru" (Orkh., OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"keru" (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"geriface="Times New Roman Star"kireface="Times New Roman Star"keru" (MA)


face="Times New Roman Star"geri









face="Times New Roman Star"keriface="Times New Roman Star"keriface="Times New Roman Star"keri
face="Times New Roman Star"kireface="Times New Roman Star"ge:ri
face="Times New Roman Star"keri
face="Times New Roman Star"geriface="Times New Roman Star"ÝÑÒß 3, 27. Turk. > MMong. geru (SH) 'back side'.
face="Times New Roman Star"*Kar/gan-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"to earn wages by labour, to gain profits by trade, to strive for successface="Times New Roman Star"ïðèîáðåòàòü, õðàíèòü, âûèãðûâàòüface="Times New Roman Star"qazg|an- (Orkh., Yeniss., OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"qazg|an- (MK, KB)face="Times New Roman Star"kazan-face="Times New Roman Star"qazan-face="Times New Roman Star"qazan- (Sangl., Houts., Ettuhf., IM, Pav. C., MA), Kypch. qazan- (CCum.)
face="Times New Roman Star"qazan-
face="Times New Roman Star"Gazan-face="Times New Roman Star"Gazan-



face="Times New Roman Star"xúrg|ún 'ñêóïåö, ñêðÿãà, ñêàðåä'face="Times New Roman Star"xaha:n-




face="Times New Roman Star"qazan-face="Times New Roman Star"qazan-
face="Times New Roman Star"qazan-


face="Times New Roman Star"qazan-face="Times New Roman Star"ÝÑÒß 5, 188-189.
face="Times New Roman Star"*ko"kface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"healthy, big, thickface="Times New Roman Star"çäîðîâûé, áîëüøîé, òîëñòûé

face="Times New Roman Star"ko"k (dial.)
face="Times New Roman Star"ko"k


face="Times New Roman Star"ko"k



face="Times New Roman Star"ko"k














face="Times New Roman Star"ÝÑÒß 5, 93. Turkic > Khalkha xo"x 'massive (of muscles, flesh etc.)'
face="Times New Roman Star"*do"l/face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"mountain slopeface="Times New Roman Star"ñêëîí ãîðû

face="Times New Roman Star"do"s? (dial.)

face="Times New Roman Star"tu.s?face="Times New Roman Star"to"s?
face="Times New Roman Star"do"s?
face="Times New Roman Star"to"s





face="Times New Roman Star"do"'s?
face="Times New Roman Star"to"s?
face="Times New Roman Star"to"s






face="Times New Roman Star"ÝÑÒß 3, 287. The root should be kept distinct from *do":l/ 'breast' q. v. sub *t`o:l/i (see Ùåðáàê 1970, 197).
face="Times New Roman Star"*on/ ( ? -j)face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"grey, dun, ash-coloured (of a horse)face="Times New Roman Star"ñåðîâàòî-êîðè÷íåâûé
face="Times New Roman Star"oj (MK)

face="Times New Roman Star"Kypch. oj (Houts.)




face="Times New Roman Star"oj





face="Times New Roman Star"oj










face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 266, VEWT 358.
face="Times New Roman Star"*Kik-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"to rub, grind (at each other)face="Times New Roman Star"òåðåòü, ñêðåñòè (äðóã î äðóãà)
face="Times New Roman Star"kik- 'to sharpen and whet a knife', kikc?u"r- 'whet a knife' (MK)












face="Times New Roman Star"kikiri:- 'to rub with a noise'












face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 270, EDT 710, 714.
face="Times New Roman Star"*ko":r/face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"glowing coalsface="Times New Roman Star"ðàñêàëåííûå óãîëüÿ
face="Times New Roman Star"ko"z (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"ko"z, ku"z
face="Times New Roman Star"ko"z (AH, Qutb., Pav. C.)


face="Times New Roman Star"ko"zface="Times New Roman Star"ko":zface="Times New Roman Star"ko"s


face="Times New Roman Star"kúw|var

face="Times New Roman Star"ko"sface="Times New Roman Star"ko"s









face="Times New Roman Star"ÝÑÒß 5, 85-86, Ëåêñèêà 365-366. There are also variants *Ko:r/ / *Ko:r (VEWT 285) and the verb *ko":re- 'to glow'.
face="Times New Roman Star"*Ky:c?yk, *gi:c?i-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 itching, tickling 2 to tickleface="Times New Roman Star"1 çóä, ùåêîòêà 2 ùåêîòàòü
face="Times New Roman Star"kic?i-, qyc?y-la- (v.) (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"giz?|ik- 2, giz?|ik, gyz?|yk 1face="Times New Roman Star"kec?e- (dial.) 2face="Times New Roman Star"giz?|ik 1 (Pav. C.)



face="Times New Roman Star"gi:z?|i 1, Gyz?|yq 1, gi:z?|e- 2



face="Times New Roman Star"k@z/@ 1

face="Times New Roman Star"kiz?|i- 2face="Times New Roman Star"kiz?|i- 2



face="Times New Roman Star"kic?u"w 1
face="Times New Roman Star"kic?i- 2


face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 260, 269, ÝÑÒß 3, 42-43, 6, 186-187, TMN 3, 567, EDT 591, 695. The back row variant is interacting with PT *Kyc?- 'to scrape, itch' q. v. sub *k`i_u\c?u\.
,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,
Total of 2017 records 101 page

Pages: 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
Back: 1 20 50
Forward: 1

Search within this database
Select another database

Total pages generatedPages generated by this script
108337213834399
Help
StarLing database serverPowered byCGI scripts
Copyright 1998-2003 by S. StarostinCopyright 1998-2003 by G. Bronnikov
Copyright 2005-2014 by Phil Krylov